First, consider words. The vocabulary that bots overuse has changed: they no longer “delve” and there are not as many “tapestries”. Instead they offer a significant number of polysyllables like “significant”, “increasingly” and “consequences”. They use more rare words (“interdependence”, “reindustrialisation”) and scientific lingo (“parameter”, “methodology”) than humans, and are fond of nominalisations (making nouns from verbs, such as “expansion” from “expand”). All the llms in our study use such words, but particularly Gemini and Claude.